ERC20接口下USDT代币的深入解析

   日期:2020-08-05     浏览:213    评论:0    
核心提示:ERC20代币合约规则简介ERC20 是各个代币的标准接口。ERC20 代币仅仅是以太坊代币的子集,为了充分兼容 ERC20,开发者需要将一组特定的函数(接口)集成到他们的智能合约中,以便在高层面能够执行这些操作:获得代币总供应量、获得账户余额、转让代币、批准花费代币。ERC20 让以太坊区块链上的其他智能合约和去中心化应用之间无缝交互。一些具有部分但非所有ERC20标准功能的代币被认为是部分ERC20兼容,这还要视其具体缺失的功能而定,但总体是它们仍然很容易与外部交互。简单的来说:ERC20接口就_.

ERC20代币合约规则简介

ERC20 是各个代币的标准接口。ERC20 代币仅仅是以太坊代币的子集,为了充分兼容 ERC20,开发者需要将一组特定的函数(接口)集成到他们的智能合约中,以便在高层面能够执行这些操作:获得代币总供应量、获得账户余额、转让代币、批准花费代币。

ERC20 让以太坊区块链上的其他智能合约和去中心化应用之间无缝交互。一些具有部分但非所有ERC20标准功能的代币被认为是部分ERC20兼容,这还要视其具体缺失的功能而定,但总体是它们仍然很容易与外部交互。

简单的来说:ERC20接口就是一套在智能合约上开发Token(代币)的规范协议。

需要说明的是:代币是运行在智能合约上的币,其没有自己的私链,交易代币需要调用函数而不是在以太坊上真正的发起一个交易,可以看做以太坊账户的附属品。每个账户可能在多个合约代币中有贮藏代币。

ERC20协议的详细讲解可见尚硅谷视频:https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1NJ411D7rf?p=34

USDT代币

现在市值较大的代币都基本支持ERC20接口规范,ERC20接口规范构造简单。

本文主要通过研究目前在以太坊上运行的市值最高的USDT代币,以此来了解ERC20这一代币规范的使用。

USDT代币的合约架构

USDT代币功能

  1. ERC20要求下的转账、余额查询、授权消费功能
  2. 代币紧急暂停与重起
  3. 代币用户黑名单
  4. 合约便捷升级,可适应非ERC20协议代币
  5. 代币管理者权限移交

USDT代币合约源码

对着源码撸了一遍,做了略微改动(适应编译器版本)以及详细的内容说明。

适应版本: 0.4.22版本编译器无warning无error

pragma solidity >0.4.17;


library SafeMath {
    function mul(uint256 a, uint256 b) internal pure returns (uint256) {
        if (a == 0) {
            return 0;
        }
        uint256 c = a * b;
        assert(c / a == b);
        return c;
    }

    function div(uint256 a, uint256 b) internal pure returns (uint256) {
        // 分母大于0在solidity合约中已经会自动判定了
        // assert(b > 0); // Solidity automatically throws when dividing by 0
        uint256 c = a / b;
        // assert(a == b * c + a % b); // There is no case in which this doesn't hold
        return c;
    }

    function sub(uint256 a, uint256 b) internal pure returns (uint256) {
        assert(b <= a);
        return a - b;
    }

    function add(uint256 a, uint256 b) internal pure returns (uint256) {
        uint256 c = a + b;
        assert(c >= a);
        return c;
    }
}



contract Ownable{
    //"拥有者"
    address public owner;
    
    constructor() public{
        owner = msg.sender;
    }

    
    modifier onlyOwner(){
        require(msg.sender == owner, "仅owner调用!");
        //这一行表示继承此合约中使用
        _;
    }

    
    function transferOwnership(address newOwner) public onlyOwner{
        //先确保新用户不是0x0地址
        require(newOwner != address(0), "不能给地址0转移owner");
        owner = newOwner;
    }
}


contract ERC20Basic{
     //定义接口的一系列函数
     uint public _totalSupply;//总发行货币量
     function totalSupply() public view returns(uint);//查看总货币量函数
     function balanceOf(address who) public view returns(uint);//查某人余额
     function transfer(address to, uint value) public;//转账交易函数
     event Transfer(address indexed from, address indexed to, uint value);//定义转账记录事件
 }


contract ERC20 is ERC20Basic{
    //拓展了第三方授权功能
    //授权给别人用自己的钱,返回钱数?
    function allowance(address owner, address spender) public view returns(uint);
    //借助谁(from)向谁(to)转币
    function transferFrom(address from, address to, uint value) public;
    //授权使用额度函数
    function approve(address spender, uint value) public;
    //记录授权
    event Approval(address indexed owner, address indexed spender, uint value);
}


 contract BasicToken is Ownable, ERC20Basic{
    //使用安全数学函数
    using SafeMath for uint;
    mapping(address => uint) public balances;
    // additional variables for use if transaction fees ever became necessary
    // 如果有必要收取交易费用,可使用其他变量
    uint public basisPointsRate = 0; //基本利率
    uint public maximunFee = 0; //最大利息金额

    
    modifier onlyPayloadSize(uint size){
        //msg.data就是data域(calldata)中的内容,一般来说都是4(函数名)+32(转账地址)+32(转账金额)=68字节
        //短地址攻击简单来说就是转账地址后面为0但故意缺省,导致金额32字节前面的0被当做地址而后面自动补0导致转账金额激增。
        //参数size就是除函数名外的剩下字节数
        //解决方法:对后面的的字节数的长度限制要求
        require(!(msg.data.length < size+4), "Invalid short address");
        _;
    }

    
    function transfer(address _to, uint _value) public onlyPayloadSize(2 * 32){
        //先算利息: (转账金额*基本利率)/10000 (ps:因为浮点会精度缺失,所以这样计算)
        uint fee = (_value.mul(basisPointsRate)).div(10000);
        //判断是否超最大额
        if (fee > maximunFee) fee = maximunFee;
        //计算剩下的钱
        uint sendAmount = _value.sub(fee);
        //转账的钱要够 源码没加这个判断不知为何?
        //不需要检查,因为后面balances[msg.sender].sub(sendAmount)其中会检查,不够会报异常。
        //require(balances[msg.sender] >= _value);
        //有安全数学函数就不用判断溢出了
        //扣钱
        balances[msg.sender] = balances[msg.sender].sub(sendAmount);
        //加钱
        balances[_to] = balances[_to].add(sendAmount);
        //利息去向->owner
        if (fee > 0){
            //因为继承于Ownable,所以可以拿到owner
            balances[owner] = balances[owner].add(fee);
            //继承于ERCBasic接口,其中申明了Transfer记录
            //记录利息去向
            emit Transfer(msg.sender, owner, fee);
        }
        //记录转账去向,注意记录的不是总金额而是去除交易费的金额
        emit Transfer(msg.sender, _to, sendAmount);
    }

    
    function balanceOf(address _owner) public view returns(uint balance){
        return balances[_owner];
    }

}

contract StandardToken is BasicToken, ERC20{
    //授权金额映射:某人对其他所有人授权的金额的映射
    mapping(address => mapping(address => uint)) public allowed;
    //uint最大值
    uint public constant MAX_UINT = 2**256-1;
    
    function transferFrom(address _from, address _to, uint _value) public onlyPayloadSize(2 * 32){
        //授权金额:授权者对于当前调用者授权其可使用的金额量
        uint _allowance = allowed[_from][msg.sender];
        //在这里同样不需要检查授权金额是否足够,后面的sub函数这种情况会检测
        // require(_allowance >= _value);
        //1.先算利息
        uint fee = (_value.mul(basisPointsRate)).div(10000);
        if (fee > maximunFee) fee = maximunFee;
        //2.扣钱
        // 这里为什么要判断?
        if (_allowance < MAX_UINT){
            //注意这里扣去的是总金额,包括了利息都要从授权方的授权金额去除
            allowed[_from][msg.sender] = _allowance.sub(_value);
        }
        balances[_from] = balances[_from].sub(_value);
        //3.加钱
        uint sendAmount = _value.sub(fee);
        balances[_to] = balances[_to].add(sendAmount);
        //4.利息去向
        if (fee > 0){
            balances[owner] = balances[owner].add(fee);
            emit Transfer(_from, owner, fee);
        }
        //5.记录
        emit Transfer(_from, _to, sendAmount);
    }

    
    function approve(address _spender, uint _value) public onlyPayloadSize(2 * 32){
        // To change the approve amount you first have to reduce the addresses`
        // allowance to zero by calling `approve(_spender, 0)` if it is not
        // already 0 to mitigate the race condition described here:
        // https://github.com/ethereum/EIPs/issues/20#issuecomment-263524729
        //这里的限定条件是:不能将已设置过的授权金额改动,除非改为0。
        //也就是说对他人的授权金额只能是从0改为value,这一次机会,再改就只能改回到0
        require(!(_value != 0 && allowed[msg.sender][_spender] != 0), "You have only one chance to approve , you can only change it to 0 later");
        //1.改allowed
        allowed[msg.sender][_spender] = _value;
        //2. 记录
        emit Approval(msg.sender, _spender, _value);
    }

    
    function allowance(address _owner, address _spender) public view returns(uint remaining){
        return allowed[_owner][_spender];
    }
}



contract Pausable is Ownable{
    event Pause();
    event Unpause();

    bool public paused = false;

    
    modifier whenNotPaused(){
        require(!paused, "Must be used without pausing");
        _;
    }

    
    modifier whenPaused(){
        require(paused, "Must be used under pause");
        _;
    }

    
    function pause() public onlyOwner whenNotPaused {
        paused = true;
        emit Pause();
    }

    
    function unpause() public onlyOwner whenPaused{
        paused = false;
        emit Unpause();
    }
}



contract BlackList is Ownable, BasicToken{
    //黑名单映射
    mapping(address => bool) isBlackListed;
    //事件
    event DestroyedBlackFunds(address _blackListedUser, uint _balance);
    event AddedBlackList(address _user);
    event RemovedBlackList(address _user);


    //Getters to allow the same blacklist to be used also by other contracts (including upgraded Tether)
    //允许其他合约调用此黑名单(external),查看此人是否被列入黑名单
    function getBlackListStatus(address _maker) external view returns(bool){
        return isBlackListed[_maker];
    }

    //获取当前代币的Owner
    function getOwner() external view returns(address){
        return owner;
    }
    //增加黑名单
    function addBlackList(address _evilUser) public onlyOwner{
        isBlackListed[_evilUser] = true;
        emit AddedBlackList(_evilUser);
    }

    //去除某人黑名单
    function removeBlackList(address _clearUser) public onlyOwner{
        isBlackListed[_clearUser] = false;
        emit RemovedBlackList(_clearUser);
    }

    //去除掉黑名单账户的钱
    function destroyBlackFunds(address _blackListUser) public onlyOwner{
        //1. 检查是否在黑名单
        require(isBlackListed[_blackListUser], "You can only clear the money of users in the blacklist");
        //2. 查看要清除的钱
        uint dirtyFunds = balanceOf(_blackListUser);
        //3. 扣除清零
        balances[_blackListUser] = 0;
        //4. 总代币发行量减少
        _totalSupply = _totalSupply.sub(dirtyFunds);
        //5. 记录
        emit DestroyedBlackFunds(_blackListUser, dirtyFunds);
    }
}


//标准代币拓展(为了适应不支持ERC20的情况或者是拓展)
contract UpgradedStandardToken is StandardToken{
    // those methods are called by the legacy contract
    // and they must ensure msg.sender to be the contract address
    // 这些拓展方法都是来自遗留合同
    // 并且合约调用者必须是合约地址
    function transferByLegacy(address from, address to, uint value) public;
    function transferFromByLegacy(address sender, address from, address spender, uint value) public;
    function approveByLegacy(address from, address spender, uint value) public;
}


//主体代币
contract TetherToken is Pausable, StandardToken, BlackList{

    string public name;  //代币名
    string public symbol; //标志
    uint public decimals; //精度/小数点后几位
    address public upgradedAddress; //升级合约的地址(必须是合约地址)
    bool public deprecated; //弃用(支持ERC20与否)

    // The contract can be initialized with a number of tokens 可初始化多个代币
    // All the tokens are deposited to the owner address
    //
    // @param _balance Initial supply of the contract
    // @param _name Token Name
    // @param _symbol Token symbol
    // @param _decimals Token decimals

    constructor(
        uint _initialSupply,
        string _name,
        string _symbol,
        uint _decimals
    ) public {
        //总发行币都给owner
        _totalSupply = _initialSupply;
        balances[owner] = _initialSupply;
        name = _name;
        symbol = _symbol;
        decimals = _decimals;
        deprecated = false;
    }

    // Called when new token are issued
    event Issue(uint amount);

    // Called when tokens are redeemed
    event Redeem(uint amount);

    // Called when contract is deprecated
    event Deprecate(address newAddress);

    // Called if contract ever adds fees
    event Params(uint feeBasisPoints, uint maxFee);

    // Forward ERC20 methods to upgraded contract if this one is deprecated
    //如果不推荐使用ERC20方法,则将其转为升级的合同
    function transfer(address _to, uint _value) public whenNotPaused{
        //排除黑名单
        require(!isBlackListed[msg.sender], "The account you applied for is on the blacklist and cannot be transferred");
        //判断是否支持ERC20
        if(deprecated){
            //不支持的话就调用用upgradedAddress实例化的对象的transferByLegacy函数
            //不知道这里为什么要传msg.sender?
            //我猜测是重新升级适配函数的话调用此函数的人(msg.sender)也要转过去
            return UpgradedStandardToken(upgradedAddress).transferByLegacy(msg.sender, _to, _value);
        }else{
            //支持的话就直接调用ERC20的转账
            //这里没有返回值,不知道为什么还要加return
            return super.transfer(_to, _value);
        }
    }

    //同理:
    // Forward ERC20 methods to upgraded contract if this one is deprecated
    function transferFrom(address _from, address _to, uint _value) public whenNotPaused{
        require(!isBlackListed[_from], "The account you applied for is on the blacklist and cannot be transferred");
        if(deprecated){
            return UpgradedStandardToken(upgradedAddress).transferFromByLegacy(msg.sender, _from, _to, _value);
        }else{
            return super.transferFrom(_from, _to, _value);
        }
    }

    // Forward ERC20 methods to upgraded contract if this one is deprecated
    //注意这里查询余额在代币暂停的情况下也是可以使用的
    function balanceOf(address who) public view returns(uint){
        if(deprecated){
            return UpgradedStandardToken(upgradedAddress).balanceOf(who);
        }else{
            return super.balanceOf(who);
        }
    }

    // Forward ERC20 methods to upgraded contract if this one is deprecated
    function approve(address _spender, uint _value) public whenNotPaused{
        //这里不用检查了,如果是在黑名单中,那么授权再多也没用,transferFrom的时候就检测出来了
        if(deprecated){
            return UpgradedStandardToken(upgradedAddress).approveByLegacy(msg.sender, _spender, _value);
        }else{
            return super.approve(_spender, _value);
        }

    }

    // Forward ERC20 methods to upgraded contract if this one is deprecated
    function allowance(address _owner, address _spender) public view returns(uint){
        if(deprecated){
            return UpgradedStandardToken(upgradedAddress).allowance(_owner, _spender);
        }else{
            return super.allowance(_owner, _spender);
        }
    }

    // deprecate current contract in favour of a new one
    //反对现行合同,改用新合同. upgradedAddress新合同地址
    function deprecate(address _upgradedAddress) public onlyOwner{
        deprecated = true;
        upgradedAddress = _upgradedAddress;
        //记录
        emit Deprecate(_upgradedAddress);
    }

    // deprecate current contract if favour of a new one
    //反对现行合同,如果想换一个新合约,需要提前知道当前发行量
    function totalSupply() public view returns(uint){
        if(deprecated){
            return UpgradedStandardToken(upgradedAddress).totalSupply();
        }else{
            return _totalSupply;
        }
    }

    // Issue a new amount of tokens 发行新数量的代币
    // these tokens are deposited into the owner address
    //
    // @param _amount Number of tokens to be issued
    function issue(uint _amount) public onlyOwner{
        //增加拥有者的量
        balances[owner] = balances[owner].add(_amount);
        //增加发行的总代币量
        _totalSupply = _totalSupply.add(_amount);
        //记录
        emit Issue(_amount);
    }

    // 调整利息率和最大利息限制
    function setParams(uint newBasisPoints, uint newMaxFee) public onlyOwner{
        // Ensure transparency by hardcoding limit beyond which fees can never be added
        //通过硬编码限制来确保透明度,超过这个限度就不能再增加费用了
        require(newBasisPoints < 20, "The new BasisPoints cannot exceed 20"); //0.002
        require(newMaxFee < 50, "The new MaxFee cannot exceed 50"); //5*10**(decimals+1)
        basisPointsRate = newBasisPoints;
        maximunFee = newMaxFee.mul(10**decimals);
        //记录
        emit Params(newBasisPoints, newMaxFee);
    }
}

代币运行效果(功能测试)

测试账户:

  1. 0xca35b7d915458ef540ade6068dfe2f44e8fa733c(账户一733c)
  2. 0x14723a09acff6d2a60dcdf7aa4aff308fddc160c(账户二160c)
  • 发布

    发布需要注意的是因为合约内容较多,gaslimit要设置的大一些,默认的值可能不够用。

    消耗gas的操作函数:

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    view或public参数查询:

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    合约发布者就是当前的owner:

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  • transfer 转账

    代币发行总量(部署时已设置):

    这些代币都会初始化在owner账户上,由其转发给其他账户。

    两种查询余额的方式:

    账户一转账给账户二:

    注意:此时应该是账户一发起交易调用。

    余额变动:

  • transferFrom 授权转账

    先查看授权额度:

    账户一对账户二的授权默认都是0:

    设置授权额度:

    再次查询:

    授权额度的使用:

    登录账户二:

    转788给自己,之前的余额是999

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    余额变化:

    现在的额度还剩:

    100

    还剩100额度不够花了,能否直接增加授权额度?试试

    不能。授权额度只能在第一次设置,设置后只能再设置回0再设置新的额度!

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  • 转移owner

    此功能只能是当前的owner调用

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    owner是账户二了

  • 紧急暂停合约(暂停所有交易,但是查询还是可以)

    此功能只能是当前的owner调用

    无参数:

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    交易无法实现:

    恢复同理不再演示

  • 黑名单功能

    此功能只能是当前的owner调用

    把账户一设置为黑名单

    [外链图片转存失败,源站可能有防盗链机制,建议将图片保存下来直接上传(img-0rvKwks1-1596372558141)(http://xwjpics.gumptlu.work/qiniu_picGo/20200802195350.png)]

    被列为黑名单后是无法交易的。

    删除黑名单中人的钱(销毁)

    [外链图片转存失败,源站可能有防盗链机制,建议将图片保存下来直接上传(img-jpnZJmOd-1596372558149)(http://xwjpics.gumptlu.work/qiniu_picGo/20200802200208.png)]

    总量少了:

    去除黑名单人员:

  • 新发行代币

    此功能只能是当前的owner调用

    [外链图片转存失败,源站可能有防盗链机制,建议将图片保存下来直接上传(img-rUWjEpgy-1596372558167)(http://xwjpics.gumptlu.work/qiniu_picGo/20200802195708.png)]

    这些币同样的会到当前owner账户中

  • 设置交易利息率和最高利息

    此功能只能是当前的owner调用

    [外链图片转存失败,源站可能有防盗链机制,建议将图片保存下来直接上传(img-dQBmuVp2-1596372558172)(http://xwjpics.gumptlu.work/qiniu_picGo/20200802200521.png)]

    因为精度设置的是16

  • 升级代币合约

    此功能只能是当前的owner调用

    填入新的合约地址,那么这些操作函数被调用时会执行新合约地址中的函数。

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